Networking Device
®
The hardware device that are needed to create
network
a.
Hub
®
Connect multiple
device in single network
®
Broadcast data packets
to all connected device in network
®
Also called
Multiport Repeater or Dumb device
®
Works in
Physical Layer of OSI model
b.
Switch
®
Connect multiple
device in single network
®
Can perform
filtering and forwarding of data
®
Identifies the
network computer by its MAC address
®
Intelligent than
Hub
®
Works in Data
Link Layer of OSI model
c.
Router
®
Connects
multiple network together
®
Forwards data
packets to computer based on an IP address
®
More intelligent
than switch
®
Works in Network
layer of OSI model
d.
Bridge
®
Connects similar
network or network with same protocol
®
It has one port
for input and one port for output, so it is called 2 port device
e.
Gateway
®
Connects
different network or network with different protocol
®
Also called
protocol converter
®
Acts as
Entry-Exit point for network
f.
Repeater
®
The devices that
receive signal from sender regenerated and amplifies signal and send it to the
receiver.
g.
Modem
®
Stands for
Modulator-Demodulator
®
Converts analog
signal into digital and vice versa
®
Also called
signal conversion device or I/O device
®
Used for dialup
internet connection
Types of Network
·
Based on
architecture
1. Peer to peer Network
®
No server is
installed in network
®
All computer has
same roles in network
®
Single computer
can acts as both server and client
®
No need of NOS
2. Client Server Network
®
One powerful
computer is install as server
®
Other computers
connects to the server as client
®
Server can
manages and controls client computer
®
Server needs NOS
3. Hybrid Network
®
Combination of
peer to peer network and client server network
·
Based on
Geographical
1. LAN
®
Stands for Local
Area Network
®
Networks that
covers only limited area
®
Usually can
cover same building or surrounding
®
Secured
connection and faster data access
2. MAN
®
Stands for
Metropolitan Area Network
®
Networks that
cover larger area than LAN
®
Usually can
cover a city
3. WAN
®
Stands for Wide
Area Network
®
Networks that
covers larger area than MAN and is usually covers entire world
®
Termed as
internet
®
Collection of
several LANs and MANs
·
Other networks
are
1. PAN: Personal Area Network
2. VAN: Virtual Area Network
3. SAN: Storage Area Network
4. CAN: Campus Area Network
5. VPN: Virtual Private Network
Network Protocol
1. Refers to the layout or arrangement of different
computers (node) to a Network.
Types of network protocol
1. BUS topology
®
Each computer in
network connected to a single cable called backbone.
®
Also called
linear or backbone topology
®
Transmit data
only in one direction
2.
Ring topology
®
Each computer is
connected to another computer forming a ring shape
®
Each computer
have 2 neighbor computer
®
Transmit data
based on token
3.
Star topology
®
All computers
are connected to a central hub or switch in network
®
Most common used
topology
4.
Mesh topology
®
All computers
are connected to each other establishing point to point connection.
®
Most reliable
topology
5.
Hybrid topology
®
Combination of
two or more topology
®
More complex
than other topology
6.
Tree topology
®
Combination of
BUS and star topology
®
Also called
hierarchical topology
Network Protocol
®
A set of rules
to be followed by computer in network while transferring data
Types of network protocol
1. TCP/IP
®
Stands for
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
®
Most common used
protocol
®
Responsible for
data transmission over the internet
®
Connection
oriented protocol
2. HTTP
®
Stands for
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
®
Protocol to be
followed while viewing internet data or information through the web browser
3. FTP
®
Stands for File
Transfer Protocol
®
Protocol
followed while transferring data from one computer to another
®
Used while
uploading and downloading file
4. SMTP
®
Stands for
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
®
Protocol used
while sending email message
5. POP
®
Stands for Post
Office Protocol
®
Protocol used
while receiving email message
6. IMAP
®
Stands for
Internet Message Access Protocol
®
Protocol used
while accessing email message from mail server
7. DNS
®
Stands for
Dynamic Name System
®
Translates
domain name into IP Address and vice versa
8. TELNET
®
Stands for
Telecommunication Network or Terminal Emulation
®
Enable User to
connect and control remote computer through IP Address
9. DHCP
®
Stands for
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
®
Enables server
to assign IP Address automatically in computer connected to internet
10. UDP
®
Stands for User
Datagram Protocol
®
Connection less
Protocol
®
Faster but less
reliable data transfer
®
Used in service
like video streaming, gaming, etc
IP Address
®
IP address is unique
address to identify each computer connected to the internet.
®
It is the
logical address of the computer.
®
IP address has 2
version: IPv4 and IPv6
IP address class
®
IPv4 is divided
into 5 classes: A, B, C, D & E
1. Class A
®
Range: 0.0.0.0
to 127.255.255.255
®
Default subnet
mask: 255.0.0.0
®
Octet format:
N.N.N.H
®
Used for: large
network e.g. ISPs
2. Class B
®
Range: 128.0.0.0
to 191.255.255.255
®
Default subnet
mask: 255.255.0.0
®
Octet format:
N.N.H.H
®
Used for: medium
sized network e.g. network of universities
3. Class C
®
Range: 192.0.0.0
to 223.255.255.255
®
Default subnet
mask: 255.255.255.0
®
Octet format:
N.N.N.H
®
Used for: small
network e.g. home, office
4. Class D
®
Range: 224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255
®
Default subnet
mask: 255.255.255.255
®
Used for: multicasting
5. Class E
®
Range: 240.0.0.0
to 255.255.255.255
®
Used for:
research and development (Experimental purpose)
Network Utilities
®
Refers to
software tools design for analyzing and configuring aspect of computer network
®
Used to check
connection, find errors and to help solving network error
®
To help network
function properly
Utilities tools
1. Ping
®
Stands for
Packet Internet or Inter Network Groper
®
Used to check
connection with any domain name or IP address
2. Ipconfig
®
Used to display
current IP configuration of computer in network
®
Ipconfig command
shows: IP address, subnet mask, default gateway
3. Nslookup
®
Stands for Name Server
lookup
®
Used to map IP address of domain name with the
help of DNS server
4. Tracert
®
Stands for Trace
Route
®
Used to trace
route of any destination with all the ‘hops’
5. ARP
®
Stands for
Address Resolution Protocol
®
Used to
determine MAC address associated with an IP Address
6. Netstat
®
Stands for
Network Statistics
®
Used to display
statistical information of active network connection and also display network
performance
Cloud services
®
Refers to the
wide range of service deliver on demand of companies and customers over
internet
Types of cloud services
·
Based on service
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
®
Also called
Hardware as Service (HaaS)
®
Provide infrastructure-
server, network, virtualization
®
E.g. Google
drive, drop box
2. Platform as Service (PaaS)
®
Provides
hardware and software platform used by software developer to build cloud based
application
®
E.g. wordpress,
pdf editor, online game
3. Software as Service (SaaS)
®
Provides application
software for use over internet
®
Used by end user
®
E.g. Canva, AI
tools, email, database
·
Based on
deployment
1. Private cloud
®
Owned by any
companies or organization
®
Not shared to
other individuals
®
Most costly
®
Suitable for large
business
2. Public cloud
®
Owned by cloud
service provider and is accessible to many individuals in pay per use model.
3. Hybrid cloud
®
Combination of
public and private cloud
Examples of cloud service
1. Drop Box: Online storage, File synchronization
service
2. Google cloud: Online storage(Google drive, Google
photos), Online application(Google Earth, Gmail, YouTube, Google sheets, Google
docs, etc)
3. ICloud
®
Cloud storage and cloud services of Apple
company
®
Managed and
accessed photos, videos, documents, etc.
4. OneDrive: Online storage provided by Microsoft
5. Terabox
6. Mega cloud
